Scotland's capital, Edinburgh, is one of the country's thirty-two council districts. The Pentland Hills to the south and the Firth of Forth to the north enclose this southeast Scottish region. Edinburgh is the second most populated city in Scotland and the seventh most populous city in the United Kingdom, with 506,520 residents as of 2020. In the same year, there were 912,490 people living in the larger metropolitan area. The highest courts in Scotland, the Scottish Government, the Scottish Parliament, and the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland, are all located in Edinburgh, which has been acknowledged as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century. Additionally, the Church of Scotland's General Assembly meets there every year. For a long time, the city has been a hub for education, especially in the areas of engineering, medical, Scottish law, literature, philosophy, and the sciences. Founded in 1582, the University of Edinburgh is currently one of the city's three universities. The city is a hub for culture and is home to organizations like the Scottish National Gallery, the National Museum of Scotland, and the National Library of Scotland. The city is also well-known for the Fringe, the biggest annual international arts festival in the world, and the Edinburgh International Festival. Edinburgh Castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse, St. Giles' Cathedral, Greyfriars Kirk, Canongate Kirk, and the vast Georgian New Town, constructed in the 18th and 19th centuries, are among the city's historic sites. Both the Old Town and the New Town are nominated by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. Since 1999, Edinburgh World Heritage has been in charge of overseeing the site. With 5.3 million visitors in 2023, including 2.4 million from outside, the city's historical and cultural attractions have made it the second most popular tourist destination in Britain. Evidence of a Mesolithic camp site dating to approximately 8500 BC was discovered in Cramond, the earliest known human settlement in the Edinburgh region. On Castle Rock, Arthur's Seat, Craiglockhart Hill, and the Pentland Hills, remnants of later Bronze and Iron Age communities have been discovered. A Brittonic Celtic tribe known as the Votadini was discovered by the Romans when they landed in Lothian around the end of the first century AD.During the Early Middle Ages, the Votadini became part of the Gododdin kingdom, and one of its districts was Eidyn. The Castle Rock location, which is believed to have been Din Eidyn's stronghold, became the kingdom's main hub during this time.

Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, is often described as a city that strikes the perfect balance: not too big that you’re lost, yet large enough to offer rich culture, great food & wine, and beautiful nature. Here’s a comprehensive, human-friendly guide to exploring Adelaide: why it’s worth your visit, how to get there & around, where to stay, what to see, and how to make the most of your time.